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Testlab

  • Web application pentesting tools

Preparation

  • Reconnaissance
  • Enumeration

Notes on techniques

  • Introduction
  • Cross-site scripting (XSS)
  • Open redirection
  • Clickjacking
  • Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)
  • Insecure direct object references (IDOR)
  • SQL injection
  • Race conditions
  • Server-side request forgery (SSRF)
  • Insecure deserialisation
  • XML external entity (XXE) injection
  • Web cache poisoning
  • HTTP Request smuggling
  • Template injection (SSTI)
  • Directory traversal
  • Authentication vulnerabilities
  • Single-sign-on security (SSO)
  • Broken access control
  • Application logic errors
  • HTTP Host header attacks
  • Websocket vulnerabilities
  • Remote code execution (RCE)
  • Same-origin policy (SOP)
  • Information disclosure
  • File uploads
  • JSON web tokens attacks
  • Prototype pollution

TryHackMe rooms

  • Introduction
  • Picklerick

Web client

  • Introduction
  • HTML disabled buttons
  • Javascript authentication
  • Javascript source
  • Javascript native code
  • XSS stored 1
  • CSP bypass inline
  • CSRF: zero protection

Web server

  • Introduction
  • Insecure code management
  • Directory traversal
  • File upload: null byte
  • PHP assert()
  • PHP Filters
  • PHP Register globals
  • JWT Introduction
  • JWT (not) revoked token
  • JWT weak secret
  • Python: Server-side Template Injection Introduction
  • Command injection: filter bypass
  • Java: Server-side Template Injection (SSTI)
  • Local file inclusion
  • Local file inclusion: double encoding
  • PHP preg_replace
  • PHP type juggling
  • SQL injection: authentication
  • SQL injection: string
  • XSLT code execution
  • PHP path truncation
  • PHP serialisation
  • SQL injection: numeric
  • SQL injection: routed
  • SQL truncation
  • XPath injection: authentication
  • SQL injection: time-based

XSS

  • Introduction
  • Reflected XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded
  • Stored XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded
  • DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search
    • Description
    • Reproduction and proof of concept
  • DOM XSS in innerHTML sink using source location.search
  • DOM XSS in jQuery anchor href attribute sink using location.search source
  • DOM XSS in jQuery selector sink using a hashchange event
  • Reflected XSS into attribute with angle brackets HTML-encoded
  • Stored XSS into anchor href attribute with double quotes HTML-encoded
  • Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with angle brackets HTML encoded
  • DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search inside a select element
  • DOM XSS in AngularJS expression with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded
  • Reflected DOM XSS
  • Stored DOM XSS
  • Exploiting cross-site scripting to steal cookies
  • Exploiting cross-site scripting to capture passwords
  • Exploiting XSS to perform CSRF
  • Reflected XSS into HTML context with most tags and attributes blocked
  • Reflected XSS into HTML context with all tags blocked except custom ones
  • Reflected XSS with some SVG markup allowed
  • Reflected XSS in canonical link tag
  • Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with single quote and backslash escaped
  • Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded and single quotes escaped
  • Stored XSS into onclick event with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded and single quotes and backslash escaped
  • Reflected XSS into a template literal with angle brackets, single, double quotes, backslash and backticks Unicode-escaped
  • Reflected XSS with event handlers and href attributes blocked
  • Reflected XSS in a JavaScript URL with some characters blocked
  • Reflected XSS with AngularJS sandbox escape without strings
  • Reflected XSS with AngularJS sandbox escape and CSP
  • Reflected XSS protected by very strict CSP, with dangling markup attack
  • Reflected XSS protected by CSP, with CSP bypass

SQLi

  • Introduction
  • SQL injection vulnerability in WHERE clause allowing retrieval of hidden data
  • SQL injection vulnerability allowing login bypass
  • SQL injection UNION attack, determining the number of columns returned by the query
  • SQL injection UNION attack, finding a column containing text
  • SQL injection UNION attack, retrieving data from other tables
  • SQL injection UNION attack, retrieving multiple values in a single column
  • SQL injection attack, querying the database type and version on Oracle
  • SQL injection attack, querying the database type and version on MySQL and Microsoft
  • SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on non-Oracle databases
  • SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on Oracle
  • Blind SQL injection with conditional responses
  • Blind SQL injection with conditional errors
  • Blind SQL injection with time delays
  • Blind SQL injection with time delays and information retrieval
  • Blind SQL injection with out-of-band interaction
  • Blind SQL injection with out-of-band data exfiltration
  • SQL injection with filter bypass via XML encoding

CSRF

  • Introduction
  • CSRF vulnerability with no defenses
  • CSRF where token validation depends on request method
  • CSRF where token validation depends on token being present
  • CSRF where token is not tied to user session
  • CSRF where token is tied to non-session cookie
  • CSRF where token is duplicated in cookie
  • SameSite Lax bypass via method override
  • SameSite Strict bypass via client-side redirect
  • SameSite Strict bypass via sibling domain
  • SameSite Lax bypass via cookie refresh
  • CSRF where Referer validation depends on header being present
  • CSRF with broken Referer validation

Clickjacking

  • Introduction
  • Basic clickjacking with CSRF token protection
  • Clickjacking with form input data prefilled from a URL parameter
  • Clickjacking with a frame buster script
  • Exploiting clickjacking vulnerability to trigger DOM-based XSS
  • Multistep clickjacking

DOM-based vulns

  • Introduction
  • DOM XSS using web messages
  • DOM XSS using web messages and a JavaScript URL
  • DOM XSS using web messages and JSON.parse
  • DOM-based open redirection
  • DOM-based cookie manipulation
  • Exploiting DOM clobbering to enable XSS
  • Clobbering DOM attributes to bypass HTML filters

CORS

  • Introduction
  • CORS vulnerability with basic origin reflection
  • CORS vulnerability with trusted null origin
  • CORS vulnerability with trusted insecure protocols
  • CORS vulnerability with internal network pivot attack

XXE

  • Introduction
  • Exploiting XXE using external entities to retrieve files
  • Exploiting XXE to perform SSRF attacks
  • Blind XXE with out-of-band interaction
  • Blind XXE with out-of-band interaction via XML parameter entities
  • Exploiting blind XXE to exfiltrate data using a malicious external DTD
  • Exploiting blind XXE to retrieve data via error messages
  • Exploiting XInclude to retrieve files
  • Exploiting XXE via image file upload
  • Exploiting XXE to retrieve data by repurposing a local DTD

SSRF

  • Introduction
  • Basic SSRF against the local server
  • Basic SSRF against another back-end system
  • SSRF with blacklist-based input filter
  • SSRF with filter bypass via open redirection vulnerability
  • Blind SSRF with out-of-band detection
  • SSRF with whitelist-based input filter
  • Blind SSRF with Shellshock exploitation

HTTP request smuggling

  • Introduction
  • HTTP request smuggling, basic CL.TE vulnerability
  • HTTP request smuggling, basic TE.CL vulnerability
  • HTTP request smuggling, obfuscating the TE header
  • HTTP request smuggling, confirming a CL.TE vulnerability via differential responses
  • HTTP request smuggling, confirming a TE.CL vulnerability via differential responses
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, CL.TE vulnerability
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, TE.CL vulnerability
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to reveal front-end request rewriting
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to capture other users’ requests
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to deliver reflected XSS
  • Response queue poisoning via H2.TE request smuggling
  • H2.CL request smuggling
  • HTTP/2 request smuggling via CRLF injection
  • HTTP/2 request splitting via CRLF injection
  • CL.0 request smuggling
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to perform web cache poisoning
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to perform web cache deception
  • Bypassing access controls via HTTP/2 request tunnelling
  • Web cache poisoning via HTTP/2 request tunnelling
  • Client-side desync
  • Browser cache poisoning via client-side desync
  • Server-side pause-based request smuggling

OS command injection

  • Introduction
  • OS command injection, simple case
  • Blind OS command injection with time delays
  • Blind OS command injection with output redirection
  • Blind OS command injection with out-of-band interaction
  • Blind OS command injection with out-of-band data exfiltration

SSTI

  • Introduction
  • Basic server-side template injection
  • Basic server-side template injection (code context)
  • Server-side template injection using documentation
  • Server-side template injection in an unknown language with a documented exploit
  • Server-side template injection with information disclosure via user-supplied objects
  • Server-side template injection in a sandboxed environment
  • Server-side template injection with a custom exploit

Directory traversal

  • Introduction
  • File path traversal, simple case
  • File path traversal, traversal sequences blocked with absolute path bypass
  • File path traversal, traversal sequences stripped non-recursively
  • File path traversal, traversal sequences stripped with superfluous URL-decode
  • File path traversal, validation of start of path
  • File path traversal, validation of file extension with null byte bypass

Access control vulnerabilities

  • Introduction
  • Unprotected admin functionality
  • Unprotected admin functionality with unpredictable URL
  • User role controlled by request parameter
  • User role can be modified in user profile
  • User ID controlled by request parameter
  • User ID controlled by request parameter, with unpredictable user IDs
  • User ID controlled by request parameter with data leakage in redirect
  • User ID controlled by request parameter with password disclosure
  • Insecure direct object references
  • URL-based access control can be circumvented
  • Method-based access control can be circumvented
  • Multistep process with no access control on one step
  • Referer-based access control

Authentication

  • Introduction
  • Username enumeration via different responses
  • 2FA simple bypass
  • Password reset broken logic
  • Username enumeration via subtly different responses
  • Username enumeration via response timing
  • Broken brute-force protection, IP block
  • Username enumeration via account lock
  • 2FA broken logic
  • Brute-forcing a stay-logged-in cookie
  • Offline password cracking
  • Password reset poisoning via middleware
  • Password brute-force via password change
  • Broken brute-force protection, multiple credentials per request
  • 2FA bypass using a brute-force attack

Websockets

  • Introduction
  • Manipulating WebSocket messages to exploit vulnerabilities
  • Manipulating the WebSocket handshake to exploit vulnerabilities
  • Cross-site WebSocket hijacking

Web cache poisoning

  • Introduction
  • Web cache poisoning with an unkeyed header
  • Web cache poisoning with an unkeyed cookie
  • Web cache poisoning with multiple headers
  • Targeted web cache poisoning using an unknown header
  • Web cache poisoning via an unkeyed query string
  • Web cache poisoning via an unkeyed query parameter
  • Parameter cloaking
  • Web cache poisoning via a fat GET request
  • URL normalisation
  • Web cache poisoning to exploit a DOM vulnerability via a cache with strict cacheability criteria
  • Combining web cache poisoning vulnerabilities
  • Cache key injection
  • Internal cache poisoning

Insecure deserialisation

  • Introduction
  • Modifying serialised objects
  • Modifying serialised data types
  • Using application functionality to exploit insecure deserialisation
  • Arbitrary object injection in PHP
  • Exploiting Java deserialisation with Apache Commons
  • Exploiting PHP deserialisation with a pre-built gadget chain
  • Exploiting Ruby deserialisation using a documented gadget chain
  • Developing a custom gadget chain for Java deserialisation
  • Developing a custom gadget chain for PHP deserialisation
  • Using PHAR deserialisation to deploy a custom gadget chain

Information disclosure

  • Introduction
  • Information disclosure in error messages
  • Information disclosure on debug page
  • Source code disclosure via backup files
  • Authentication bypass via information disclosure
  • Information disclosure in version control history

Business logic vulnerabilities

  • Introduction
  • Excessive trust in client-side controls
  • High-level logic vulnerability
  • Inconsistent security controls
  • Flawed enforcement of business rules
  • Low-level logic flaw
  • Inconsistent handling of exceptional input
  • Weak isolation on dual-use endpoint
  • Insufficient workflow validation
  • Authentication bypass via flawed state machine
  • Infinite money logic flaw
  • Authentication bypass via encryption oracle

HTTP Host header attacks

  • Introduction
  • Basic password reset poisoning
  • Host header authentication bypass
  • Web cache poisoning via ambiguous requests
  • Routing-based SSRF
  • SSRF via flawed request parsing
  • Host validation bypass via connection state attack
  • Password reset poisoning via dangling markup

OAuth authentication

  • Introduction
  • Authentication bypass via OAuth implicit flow
  • Forced OAuth profile linking
  • OAuth account hijacking via redirect_uri
  • Stealing OAuth access tokens via an open redirect
  • SSRF via OpenID dynamic client registration
  • Stealing OAuth access tokens via a proxy page

File upload vulnerabilities

  • Introduction
  • Remote code execution via web shell upload
  • Web shell upload via Content-Type restriction bypass
  • Web shell upload via path traversal
  • Web shell upload via extension blacklist bypass
  • Web shell upload via obfuscated file extension
  • Remote code execution via polyglot web shell upload
  • Web shell upload via race condition

JWT

  • Introduction
  • JWT authentication bypass via unverified signature
  • JWT authentication bypass via flawed signature verification
  • JWT authentication bypass via weak signing key
  • JWT authentication bypass via jwk header injection
  • JWT authentication bypass via jku header injection
  • JWT authentication bypass via kid header path traversal
  • JWT authentication bypass via algorithm confusion
  • JWT authentication bypass via algorithm confusion with no exposed key

Prototype pollution

  • Introduction
  • DOM XSS via client-side prototype pollution
  • DOM XSS via an alternative prototype pollution vector
  • Client-side prototype pollution via flawed sanitisation
  • Client-side prototype pollution in third-party libraries
  • Client-side prototype pollution via browser APIs
  • Privilege escalation via server-side prototype pollution
  • Detecting server-side prototype pollution without polluted property reflection
  • Bypassing flawed input filters for server-side prototype pollution
  • Remote code execution via server-side prototype pollution
  • Exfiltrating sensitive data via server-side prototype pollution
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DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search

Description

The website in this lab contains a DOM-based cross-site scripting vulnerability in the search query tracking functionality. It uses the JavaScript document.write function, which writes data out to the page. The document.write function is called with data from location.search, which can be controlled using the website URL.

Reproduction and proof of concept

  1. Enter a random alphanumeric string into the search box.

  2. Right-click and inspect the element, and observe that your random string has been placed inside an img src attribute.

DOM XSS

  1. Break out of the img attribute:

"><script>alert('Hello World')</script>

DOM XSS

DOM XSS

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